Contextual factors influencing implementation of tuberculosis digital adherence technologies: a scoping review guided by the RE-AIM framework.

INTRODUCTION: Digital adherence technologies (DATs) may enable person-centred tuberculosis (TB) treatment monitoring; however, implementation challenges may undermine their effectiveness. Using the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance framework, we conducted a scoping review to identify contextual factors informing 'reach' (DAT engagement by people with TB) and 'adoption' (DAT uptake by healthcare providers or clinics).

METHODS: We searched eight databases from 1 January 2000 to 25 April 2023 to identify all TB DAT studies. After extracting qualitative and quantitative findings, using thematic synthesis, we analysed common findings to create meta-themes informing DAT reach or adoption. Meta-themes were further organised using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, which posits technology use is influenced by perceived usefulness, ease of use, social influences and facilitating conditions.

RESULTS: 66 reports met inclusion criteria, with 61 reporting on DAT reach among people with TB and 27 reporting on DAT adoption by healthcare providers. Meta-themes promoting reach included perceptions that DATs improved medication adherence, facilitated communication with providers, made people feel more 'cared for' and enhanced convenience compared with alternative care models (perceived usefulness) and lowered stigma (social influences). Meta-themes limiting reach included literacy and language barriers and DAT technical complexity (ease of use); increased stigma (social influences) and suboptimal DAT function and complex cellular accessibility challenges (facilitating conditions). Meta-themes promoting adoption included perceptions that DATs improved care quality or efficiency (perceived usefulness). Meta-themes limiting adoption included negative DAT impacts on workload or employment and suboptimal accuracy of adherence data (perceived usefulness); and suboptimal DAT function, complex cellular accessibility challenges and insufficient provider training (facilitating conditions). Limitations of this review include the limited studies informing adoption meta-themes.

CONCLUSION: This review identifies diverse contextual factors that can inform improvements in DAT design and implementation to achieve higher engagement by people with TB and healthcare providers, which could improve intervention effectiveness.