Need for planetary health perspective in guidance for complex interventions for climate and health

Human activity has pushed Earth’s natural systems beyond safe and just planetary boundaries, creating threats to human health and survival (box 1).(1) Evidence shows that six out of nine identified planetary boundaries have already been breached: climate change, novel entities (including synthetic chemicals), freshwater, biosphere integrity, land use, and biogeochemical (nitrogen and phosphorus) flows. (3) Surpassing these thresholds will detrimentally alter environmental exposures that affect health outcomes through multiple pathways, both direct, such as changes to heat exposure or air pollution, and indirect, such as effects of population displacement.(2)