Antibody responses against influenza A decline with successive years of annual influenza vaccination.

Sullivan, SGORCID logo; Khvorov, A; Carolan, L; Dowson, L; Hadiprodjo, AJ; Sánchez-Ovando, S; Liu, YORCID logo; Leung, VK; Hodgson, DORCID logo; Blyth, CC; +16 more...Macnish, M; Cheng, AC; Haugenauer, M; Clark, J; Dougherty, S; Macartney, KORCID logo; Koirala, A; Khatami, AORCID logo; Jadhav, A; Marshall, H; Riley, KE; Wark, PA; Delahunty, C; Subbarao, KORCID logo; Kucharski, AJORCID logo; Fox, A and (2025) Antibody responses against influenza A decline with successive years of annual influenza vaccination. NPJ vaccines, 10 (1). 11-. ISSN 2059-0105 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-01057-x
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Influenza vaccine effectiveness and immunogenicity can be compromised with repeated vaccination. We assessed immunological markers in a cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) from six public hospitals around Australia during 2020-2021. Sera were collected pre-vaccination and ~14 and ~180 days post-vaccination and assessed in haemagglutination inhibition assay against egg-grown vaccine and equivalent cell-grown viruses. Responses to vaccination were compared by the number of prior vaccinations. Baseline sera were available for 595 HCW in 2020 and 1031 in 2021. 5% had not been vaccinated during five years prior to enrolment and 55% had been vaccinated every year. Post-vaccination titres for all vaccine antigens were lowest among HCW vaccinated in all 5-prior years and highest among HCW with 0 or 1 prior vaccinations, even after adjustment. This was observed for both influenza A subtypes and was dependent on pre-vaccination titre. Expanded cohorts are needed to better understand how this translates to vaccine effectiveness.


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