<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Objectives</jats:title> <jats:p>Obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases are increasing in Ethiopia—often in the same communities where undernutrition remains prevalent. Increasing proportion of energy intake from protein could be a potential strategy to address this double burden; however, this potential has not been examined in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study is to investigate associations of types and food sources of protein with overweight/obesity and underweight in Ethiopia.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional dietary survey including 992 women and 632 men aged 18–49 years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Linear regression models were used to assess associations between body mass index (BMI) and % energy intake from total, animal, and plant protein. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations of % energy intake from total, animal, and plant protein and specific food sources of protein with underweight and overweight/obesity.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Nearly one third of the sample were overweight or obese. Only 2.5% of total energy intake was derived from animal protein. In multivariable-adjusted linear models in the full sample, BMI was not associated with % energy from total protein, plant protein or animal protein. Total protein and animal protein intake were both associated with lower odds of overweight/obesity (Odds Ratio [OR] per 1% energy increment of total protein 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.99; P = 0.02; OR per 1% energy increment of animal protein 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.96; P = 0.004) when substituted for carbohydrate and adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. In food-based analyses, a greater % energy from milk was related to lower odds of underweight but with wide confidence intervals (OR per 5% energy increment 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30, 1.00; P = 0.05).</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Increasing the proportion of energy intake from total protein or animal protein in place of carbohydrate could be a strategy to address overweight and obesity in Ethiopia; longitudinal studies are needed to further examine this potential.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Funding Sources</jats:title> <jats:p>United Kingdom Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Department for International Development (DFID) Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research.</jats:p> </jats:sec>