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AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

Short Communication: HIV Type 1 Transmitted Drug Resistance and Evidence of Transmission Clusters Among Recently Infected Antiretroviral-Naive Individuals from Ugandan Fishing Communities of Lake Victoria

To cite this article:
Jamirah Nazziwa, Harr Freeya Njai, Nicaise Ndembi, Josephine Birungi, Fred Lyagoba, Asiki Gershim, Jessica Nakiyingi-Miiro, Leslie Nielsen, Juliet Mpendo, Annet Nanvubya, Jan Debont, Heiner Grosskurth, Anatoli Kamali, Janet Seeley, and Pontiano Kaleebu, and the CHIVTUM Study Team. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. April 2013, 29(5): 788-795. doi:10.1089/aid.2012.0123.

Published in Volume: 29 Issue 5: April 25, 2013
Online Ahead of Editing: November 22, 2012

Author information

Jamirah Nazziwa,1,2 Harr Freeya Njai,1,3 Nicaise Ndembi,1 Josephine Birungi,2 Fred Lyagoba,1 Asiki Gershim,1 Jessica Nakiyingi-Miiro,1 Leslie Nielsen,4 Juliet Mpendo,2 Annet Nanvubya,2 Jan Debont,4 Heiner Grosskurth,1,3 Anatoli Kamali,1,3 Janet Seeley,1,3,5 Pontiano Kaleebu, and the CHIVTUM Study Team1,2
1MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
2Uganda Virus Research Institute/IAVI HIV Vaccine Program, Entebbe, Uganda.
3London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
4International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York.
5School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
Address correspondence to:
Pontiano Kaleebu
MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS
51-59 Nakiwogo Road
PO Box 49
Entebbe
Uganda
E-mail:

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) prevalence and incidence in the fishing communities on Lake Victoria in Uganda are high. This population may play a role in driving the HIV epidemic in Uganda including the spread of transmitted drug resistance (TDR). We report data on TDR in this population among antiretroviral (ARV)-naive, recently infected individuals about 5 years after ARV scaling-up in Uganda. We identified phylogenetic transmission clusters and combined these with volunteer life histories in order to understand the sexual networks within this population. From a prospective cohort of 1,000 HIV-negative individuals recruited from five communities, 51 seroconverters were identified over a period of 2 years. From these, whole blood was collected and population sequencing of the HIV-1 pol gene (protease/reverse transcriptase) was performed from plasma. Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) were scored using the 2009 WHO list for surveillance of TDR. TDR prevalence categories were estimated using the WHO recommended truncated sampling technique for the surveillance of TDR for use in resource-limited settings (RLS). Of the samples 92% (47/51) were successfully genotyped. HIV-1 subtype frequencies were 15/47 (32%) A1, 20/47 (43%) D, 1/47 (2%) C, 1/47 (2%) G, and 10/47 (21%) unique recombinant forms. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) drug resistance mutation K103N was identified in two individuals and V106A in one (6%) suggesting that the level of TDR was moderate in this population. No nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) or protease inhibitor (PI) DRMs were detected. In this study, we identified five transmission clusters supported by high bootstrap values and low genetic distances. Of these, one pair included the two individuals with K103N. Two of the genotypic clusters corresponded with reported sexual partnerships as detected through prior in-depth interviews. The level of TDR to NNRTIs in these ARV-naive individuals was moderate by WHO threshold survey categorization. The transmission clusters suggest a high degree of sexual partner mixing between members of these communities.

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