The association between systemic inflammation and albuminuria among people living with HIV: A cross-sectional study from Botswana

Treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with persistent systemic inflammation, even after many years of sustained viral suppression following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Albuminuria is common among people living with HIV (PLWH), but the impact of persistent systemic inflammation on outcome of albuminuria is not well understood. Thawed serum samples from PLWH who participated in an albuminuria prevalence study in Gaborone, Botswana, between January 2020 and March 2022, were selected randomly for a cross-sectional study of the link between inflammation and albuminuria. Systemic inflammation (interleukin [IL] 1β, IL 6, and soluble cluster of differentiation-163 [sCD163]) was assessed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and albuminuria was reported as urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (ACR) (mg/g), as obtained from the parent study. The association between systemic inflammation and albuminuria was first explored by ACR quartiles, graphically using simple linear models, and then using general additive models for the adjusted analysis. The study population comprised 715 ART treated PLWH, with a mean age of 49.9 (SD 10.7) years, median HIV disease duration of 13.5 (IQR 8.7–16.7) years, and 398/715 (55.7%) were male. The relationship between log transformed ACR and sCD163 was linear, with regression coefficient β = 0.10, P-value = .02 but was nonlinear for log transformed IL-1β and IL-6, β = 0.10, P -value = .82 and β = ‐0.04, P-value = .36, respectively. In the final adjusted general additive models, sCD163 was not associated with ACR, P-value = .137. IL-1β, IL-6, and sCD163 were not associated with ACR among ART treated PLWH. Novel strategies to identify inflammatory pathways that may promote albuminuria among PLWH should consider other innovative and sensitive markers of both systemic and organ specific inflammation.