Leishmaniasis in Syria - A Call for Action of the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Groups for Infections in Travellers and Migrants (ESGITM) and for Clinical Parasitology (ESGCP).

Aula Abbara ; Marta González-Sanz ; Ayla AlKharrat ; Mohamad Khalife ; Yasir Elferruh ; Naser Almhawish ; Salam Abbara ; Sana Marroush ; Clare Shortall ; Shamsa Hussein Ahmed ; +51 more... Abdulaziz Alhazmi ; Miriam J Alvarez-Martinez ; Muhammad Asaduzzaman ; Asma Al Balushi ; Ana Paula Barboza ; Hanne Brekke ; Paola Di Carlo ; Antonio Cascio ; Peter Chiodini ; Agnese Colpani ; Marta Díaz-Menéndez ; Natalie Elkheir ; Ferenc Balázs Farkas ; Puja Garg ; Beate Grüner ; André R Guimarães ; Ville Holmberg ; Petros Ioannou ; Sofia Jordão ; Jung-Ah Kim ; Botond Lakatos ; Hakan Leblebicioglu ; Jara Llenas-García ; Irene Losada-Galván ; Gabriela Equihua Martinez ; Edward JM Monk ; Elena Nedu ; Justin Onyebuchi Nwofe ; Rhea O'Regan ; Riccardo Paggi ; Jose Henrique Pinho ; Emanuele Pontali ; Megha Priyadarshi ; Barbara Rath ; Balram Rathish ; Leonardo Francesco Rezzonico ; Nesrine Rizk ; Caroline Ronnberg ; Miguel Morante-Ruiz ; Annabella Salvati ; Salvatore Scarso ; Marco Antonio Sempere-Alcocer ; Chiara Sepulcri ; Diana Isabela Costescu Strachinaru ; Francesca Tamarozzi ; Raquel Tavares ; Tamara Ursini ; Jaco J Verweij ; Christian Morberg Wejse ; Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales ; ESGITM and ESGCP ; (2025) Leishmaniasis in Syria - A Call for Action of the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Groups for Infections in Travellers and Migrants (ESGITM) and for Clinical Parasitology (ESGCP). Travel medicine and infectious disease, 66. p. 102849. ISSN 1477-8939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102849
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Leishmaniasis is a neglected, vector-borne disease caused by parasitic protozoa from the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bites of sandflies from the genus Phlebotomus (in the ‘Old World’) or Lutzomyia (in the ‘New World’) [1,2]. It is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting millions worldwide [3,4]. Clinical presentations, including cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral forms, vary by species, geography, and host factors. Leishmaniasis can be either anthroponotic (caused by Leishmania tropica or L. donovani) or zoonotic (caused by L. major, L. infantum, and others) [5]. As with many other vector-borne diseases, risk factors include poverty, malnutrition, conflict, forced displacement, climate change, and other environmental changes that influence vector distribution [6]. In non-endemic settings, leishmaniasis has been reported among travellers, migrants, and refugees [2,[7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]]. In areas where sandflies are endemic, combined with imported cases, may pose a significant public health risk for autochthonous transmission [2,[7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]]. Globally, a well-established association exists between intense armed conflict, climate, and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) [[9], [10], [11]].


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