Cross-sectional study of maternal iodine nutrition and salt iodization in Kyrgyzstan: urban–rural and socioeconomic factors

Abstract

Background

Iodine deficiency remains a public health concern, especially among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women. Despite global efforts to address iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) through universal salt iodization programs, gaps in coverage and effectiveness persist in countries like Kyrgyzstan. This study evaluated the iodine status of pregnant women and the effectiveness of Kyrgyzstan's national salt iodization program. We investigated sociodemographic factors associated with iodine deficiency.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kyrgyzstan. Urine and salt samples were collected from a stratified random sample of 388 pregnant women to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and iodine concentration in salt (ICS). Descriptive statistics, t tests and logistic regression were used.

Results

Most salt samples had adequate ICS levels. Median UIC levels were adequate, but a significant share of insufficient UIC levels indicated widespread iodine deficiency. Urban residents showed higher UIC and ICS levels. Higher education and income levels were associated with better iodine status. Ethnic differences in UIC and ICS levels were observed.

Conclusions

Despite Kyrgyzstan's salt iodization program's success, iodine deficiency remains prevalent among pregnant women, particularly in rural and lower-income groups. Targeted public health interventions, monitoring and tailored strategies are essential to improve iodine intake and reduce IDDs in these populations.