The political economy of 'strengthening health services': The view from WHO AFRO, 1951-c.1985.

Our contribution to this special issue examines the early history of international striving for universal health care, from the perspective of the World Health Organisation's (WHO's) Regional Office for Africa (AFRO). The aspiration was repeatedly reframed, from 'strengthening health services' in the 1948 constitution of the World Health Organisation (WHO), to 'Health For All' through primary health care (PHC) in the 1970s, to today's articulations of universal coverage and 'health systems strengthening'. We aim to establish how AFRO supported member states in implementing these policies up to the mid-1980s, and with what degree of success. We also compare AFRO's experience to the established historiographical narrative of global health, as over-fixated on vertical interventions, save for the transitory impact of the PHC movement. Using the archives of WHO in Geneva and AFRO in Brazzaville, we first analyse AFRO's influence and capacity through quantitative financial data. The AFRO nations were net recipients of WHO resources, raising questions about their relative autonomy and voice in the organisation. We then examine AFRO's expenditure, showing that though circumscribed by funds with allocated purposes, there was nonetheless a significant proportion committed to services from the early 1960s, specifically capacity for planning and administration and the nursing, maternal and child health workforce. Counter to expectations though, there was no significant boost to these areas, nor to funding PHC projects, in the 1970s/early 1980s, when disease-specific interventions obtained a larger share. Qualitative sources show that despite its slender resources AFRO accomplished much with respect to training, capacity building and supporting innovative service-delivery, while insisting on African policy input into design and implementation. However country level system-wide planning in health was persistently vulnerable, and the bureaucratic capacity of post-colonial states often weak. Thus AFRO's overall impact was decisively bounded by the global structural inequalities in which it operated.