At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Data, Strategy and Innovation group of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific collaborated with eight historians to delve into the history of pandemics. This report captures their analysis of 14 interconnected themes that have significance for past and future pandemics. These are: pandemic narratives; social contracts; data and trust; mental health and emotional suffering; rumours and conspiracy; changed behaviours; international versus national interests; political and social movements; getting the response right; inequalities; community; innovations; the environment; and the economy. By understanding historical precedents, health decision-makers can better respond to future public health threats.