This brief summarises key strategies to ensure inclusion of vulnerable people when both planning and implementing COVID-19 (and other infectious diseases) prevention and response programmes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The brief covers: How we define vulnerability; Why COVID-19 (and other infectious diseases) prevention and response programmes should be inclusive of populations who may be vulnerable and; Key learnings to improve the identification and inclusion of groups who may be vulnerable in COVID-19 (and other infectious diseases) programmes.