Dicko, Alassane; Ouedraogo, Jean-Bosco; Zongo, Issaka; Sagara, Issaka; Cairns, Matthew; Yerbanga, Rakiswendé Serge; Issiaka, Djibrilla; Zoungrana, Charles; Sidibe, Youssoufa; Tapily, Amadou; +26 more... Nikièma, Frédéric; Sompougdou, Frédéric; Sanogo, Koualy; Kaya, Mahamadou; Yalcouye, Hama; Dicko, Oumar Mohamed; Diarra, Modibo; Diarra, Kalifa; Thera, Ismaila; Haro, Alassane; Sienou, Abdoul Aziz; Traore, Seydou; Mahamar, Almahamoudou; Dolo, Amagana; Kuepfer, Irene; Snell, Paul; Grant, Jane; Webster, Jayne; Milligan, Paul; Lee, Cynthia; Ockenhouse, Christian; Ofori-Anyinam, Opokua; Tinto, Halidou; Djimde, Abdoulaye; Chandramohan, Daniel; Greenwood, Brian; (2023) Seasonal vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E vaccine with or without seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children up to the age of 5 years in Burkina Faso and Mali: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Infectious diseases, 24 (1). pp. 75-86. ISSN 1473-3099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00368-7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Seasonal vaccination with the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine combined with seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) prevented malaria in young children more effectively than either intervention given alone over a 3 year period. The objective of this study was to establish whether the added protection provided by the combination could be sustained for a further 2 years. METHODS: This was a double-blind, individually randomised, controlled, non-inferiority and superiority, phase 3 trial done at two sites: the Bougouni district and neighbouring areas in Mali and Houndé district, Burkina Faso. Children who had been enrolled in the initial 3-year trial when aged 5-17 months were initially randomly assigned individually to receive SMC with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine plus control vaccines, RTS,S/AS01E plus placebo SMC, or SMC plus RTS,S/AS01E. They continued to receive the same interventions until the age of 5 years. The primary trial endpoint was the incidence of clinical malaria over the 5-year trial period in both the modified intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations. Over the 5-year period, non-inferiority was defined as a 20% increase in clinical malaria in the RTS,S/AS01E-alone group compared with the SMC alone group. Superiority was defined as a 12% difference in the incidence of clinical malaria between the combined and single intervention groups. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04319380, and is complete. FINDINGS: In April, 2020, of 6861 children originally recruited, 5098 (94%) of the 5433 children who completed the initial 3-year follow-up were re-enrolled in the extension study. Over 5 years, the incidence of clinical malaria per 1000 person-years at risk was 313 in the SMC alone group, 320 in the RTS,S/AS01E-alone group, and 133 in the combined group. The combination of RTS,S/AS01E and SMC was superior to SMC (protective efficacy 57·7%, 95% CI 53·3 to 61·7) and to RTS,S/AS01E (protective efficacy 59·0%, 54·7 to 62·8) in preventing clinical malaria. RTS,S/AS01E was non-inferior to SMC (hazard ratio 1·03 [95% CI 0·95 to 1·12]). The protective efficacy of the combination versus SMC over the 5-year period of the study was very similar to that seen in the first 3 years with the protective efficacy of the combination versus SMC being 57·7% (53·3 to 61·7) and versus RTS/AS01E-alone being 59·0% (54·7 to 62·8). The comparable figures for the first 3 years of the study were 62·8% (58·4 to 66·8) and 59·6% (54·7 to 64·0%), respectively. Hospital admissions for WHO-defined severe malaria were reduced by 66·8% (95% CI 40·3 to 81·5), for malarial anaemia by 65·9% (34·1 to 82·4), for blood transfusion by 68·1% (32·6 to 84·9), for all-cause deaths by 44·5% (2·8 to 68·3), for deaths excluding external causes or surgery by 41·1% (-9·2 to 68·3), and for deaths from malaria by 66·8% (-2·7 to 89·3) in the combined group compared with the SMC alone group. No safety signals were detected. INTERPRETATION: Substantial protection against malaria was sustained over 5 years by combining seasonal malaria vaccination with seasonal chemoprevention, offering a potential new approach to malaria control in areas with seasonal malaria transmission. FUNDING: UK Joint Global Health Trials and PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative (through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). TRANSLATION: For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Item Type | Article |
---|---|
Faculty and Department |
Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health > Dept of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & International Health (2023-) Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases > Dept of Disease Control |
Research Centre |
Centre for Maternal, Reproductive and Child Health (MARCH) Malaria Centre |
PubMed ID | 37625434 |
Elements ID | 208029 |
Official URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00368-7 |
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