Previous work in the Caribbean and West Africa have shown that air samples taken during dust events contain microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses), including human pathogens that can cause many respiratory diseases. To better understand the potential downstream effect of bacteria dust on human health and public ecosystems, it is important to characterize the source population. In this study, we aimed to explore the bacterial populations of African dust samples collected between 2013-2017. The dust samples were collected using the spatula method, then the hypervariable regions (V3 and V4) of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified using PCR followed byMiSeq Illumina sequencing. Analysis of the sequencing data were performed using MG-RAST. At the phylum level, the proportions of Actinobacteria (22%), Firmicutes (20%), Proteobacteria (19%), and Bacteroidetes (13%) were respectively predominant in all dust samples. At the genus level, Bacillus(16%), Pseudomonas(10%), Nocardiodes and Exiguobacterium (5%) are the most dominated genera in African dust samples collected in this study.The study showed that molecular characterization of dust microbial population remains a very efficient method, also applicable to the search for viruses and fungi in this type of sample. It is important to note that the majority of microorganisms identified in this study can cause respiratory diseases.