Travel burden and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma: analysis of 1024 patients from 43 African countries and 518 patients from 40 European countries.

Fabian, ID; Stacey, AW; Foster, A

; Kivelä, TT; Munier, FL; Keren-Froim, N; Gomel, N; Cassoux, N; Sagoo, MS; Reddy, MA; +193 more...Harby, LA; Zondervan, M

; Bascaran, C

; Abdallah, E; Abdullahi, SU; Boubacar, SA; Ademola-Popoola, DS; Adio, A; Aghaji, AE; Portabella, SA; Alfa Bio, AI; Ali, AM; Alia, DB; All-Eriksson, C; Almeida, AA; Alsawidi, KM; Antonino, R; Astbury, NJ

; Atsiaya, R; Balaguer, J; Balwierz, W; Barranco, H; Popovic, MB; Benmiloud, S; Guebessi, NB; Berete, RC; Biddulph, SJ; Biewald, EM; Blum, S; Bobrova, N; Boehme, M; Bornfeld, N; Bouda, GC; Bouguila, H; Boumedane, A; Brichard, BG; L, MC; Castela, G; Català-Mora, J; Chantada, GL; Chernodrinska, VS; Chiwanga, FS; Cieslik, K; Comsa, C; Correa Llano, MG; Csóka, M; Da Gama, IV; Davidson, A; Potter, PD; Desjardins, L; Dragomir, MD; Bruyn, MD; Kettani, AE; Elbahi, AM; Elgalaly, D; Elhaddad, AM; Ali Elhassan, MM; Elzembely, MM; Essuman, VA; Evina, TGA; Fasina, O; Fernández-Teijeiro, A; Gandiwa, M; Aldana, DG; Geel, JA; Gizachew, Z; Gregersen, PA; Guedenon, KM; Hadjistilianou, T; Hassan, S; Hederova, S; Hessissen, L; Hordofa, DF; Hummlen, M; Husakova, K; Ida, R; Ilic, VR; Jenkinson, H; Amani Kabesha, TB; Kabore, RL; Kalinaki, A; Kapelushnik, N; Kardava, T; Kemilev, PK; Kepak, T; Khotenashvili, Z; Klett, A; Kosh Komba Palet, JE; Krivaitiene, D; Kruger, M; Kyara, A; Lachmann, ES; Latinović, S; Lecuona, K; Lukamba, RM; Lumbroso, L; Lysytsia, L; Maka, E; Makan, M; Manda, C; Begue, NM; Matende, IO; Matua, M; Mayet, I; Mbumba, FB; Mengesha, AA; Midena, E; Mndeme, FG; Mohamedani, AA; Moll, AC; Moreira, C; Msina, MS; Msukwa, G; Muma, KI; Murgoi, G; Musa, KO; Mustak, H; Muyen, OM; Naidu, G; Naumenko, L; Ndoye Roth, PA; Neroev, V; Nikitovic, M; Nkanga, ED; Nkumbe, H; Nyaywa, M; Obono-Obiang, G; Oguego, NC; Olechowski, A; Oscar, AH; Osei-Bonsu, P; Painter, SL; Paintsil, V; Paiva, L; Papyan, R; Parrozzani, R; Parulekar, M; Pawinska-Wasikowska, K; Perić, S; Philbert, R; Pochop, P; Polyakov, VG; Pompe, MT; Pons, JJ; Raobela, L; Renner, LA; Reynders, D; Ribadu, D; Riheia, MM; Ritter-Sovinz, P; Saakyan, S; Said, AM; Román Pacheco, SS; Scanlan, TA; Schoeman, J; Seregard, S; Sherief, ST; Cheikh, SS; Silva, S; Sorochynska, T; Ssali, G; Stathopoulos, C; Kranjc, BS; Stones, DK; Svojgr, K; Sylla, F; Tamamyan, G; Tandili, A; Tateshi, B; Theophile, T; Traoré, F; Tyau-Tyau, H; Umar, AB; Urbak, SF; Ushakova, TL; Valeina, S; Hoefen Wijsard, Mv; Veleva-Krasteva, NV; Viksnins, M; Wackernagel, W; Waddell, K; Wade, PD; Wali Nigeria, AH; Wime, AD; Dod, CW; Yanga, JM; Yarovaya, VA; Yarovoy, AA; Zein, E; Sharabi, S; Zhilyaeva, K; Ziko, OA; Bowman, R

and (2020) Travel burden and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma: analysis of 1024 patients from 43 African countries and 518 patients from 40 European countries. The British journal of ophthalmology, 105 (10). pp. 1435-1443. ISSN 0007-1161 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316613

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BACKGROUND: The travel distance from home to a treatment centre, which may impact the stage at diagnosis, has not been investigated for retinoblastoma, the most common childhood eye cancer. We aimed to investigate the travel burden and its impact on clinical presentation in a large sample of patients with retinoblastoma from Africa and Europe. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis including 518 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 40 European countries and 1024 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 43 African countries. RESULTS: Capture rate was 42.2% of expected patients from Africa and 108.8% from Europe. African patients were older (95% CI -12.4 to -5.4, p<0.001), had fewer cases of familial retinoblastoma (95% CI 2.0 to 5.3, p<0.001) and presented with more advanced disease (95% CI 6.0 to 9.8, p<0.001); 43.4% and 15.4% of Africans had extraocular retinoblastoma and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, respectively, compared to 2.9% and 1.0% of the Europeans. To reach a retinoblastoma centre, European patients travelled 421.8 km compared to Africans who travelled 185.7 km (p<0.001). On regression analysis, lower-national income level, African residence and older age (p<0.001), but not travel distance (p=0.19), were risk factors for advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than half the expected number of patients with retinoblastoma presented to African referral centres in 2017, suggesting poor awareness or other barriers to access. Despite the relatively shorter distance travelled by African patients, they presented with later-stage disease. Health education about retinoblastoma is needed for carers and health workers in Africa in order to increase capture rate and promote early referral.