Purpose - Evaluation of the Teens & Toddlers (T&T) positive youth development (PYD) and teenage pregnancy prevention programme suggested that the intervention had minimal effectiveness partly due to its unclear theory of change. The purpose of this paper is to examine the lived experiences of young women participating in the programme to contribute to a clearer understanding of intervention process and potential mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach - The authors conducted four focus groups (n = 20), eight paired or triad interviews (n = 12) and 15 interviews with young women participating in an randomized controlled trial of the T&T programme in England, analysing these data using a phenomenological approach. Findings - T&T provided some opportunities to experience the "five Cs" that underpin PYD programme theory: competence, confidence, connection, character and caring. However, the young women did not experience the programme in a way that would consistently develop these characteristics. The lack of opportunities for skill-building and challenge in the activities constrained their ability to build competence and confidence. Some programme facilitators and counsellors were able to achieve connections and caring relationships with the young women, though other adults involved in the programme were sometimes perceived by the participants as overly critical. The character development activities undertaken in the programme addressed attitudes towards sexual risk-taking. Originality/value - Few studies of the PYD approach examine young people's perspectives. This research suggests that the young women were not consistently provided with opportunities to