Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche.
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Paul Dp
Pharoah
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Dirkje S
Postma
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Anneli
Pouta
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Katri
Pylkäs
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Paolo
Radice
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Susan
Ring
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Fernando
Rivadeneira
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Antonietta
Robino
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Lynda M
Rose
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Anja
Rudolph
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Veikko
Salomaa
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Serena
Sanna
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David
Schlessinger
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Marjanka K
Schmidt
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Mellissa C
Southey
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Ulla
Sovio
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Meir J
Stampfer
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Doris
Stöckl
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Anna M
Storniolo
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Nicholas J
Timpson
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Jonathan
Tyrer
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Jenny A
Visser
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Peter
Vollenweider
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Henry
Völzke
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Gerard
Waeber
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Melanie
Waldenberger
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Henri
Wallaschofski
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Qin
Wang
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Gonneke
Willemsen
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Robert
Winqvist
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Bruce Hr
Wolffenbuttel
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Margaret J
Wright
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Australian Ovarian Cancer Study
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GENICA Network
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kConFab
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LifeLines Cohort Study
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InterAct Consortium
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Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium
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Dorret I
Boomsma
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Michael J
Econs
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Kay-Tee
Khaw
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Ruth Jf
Loos
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Mark I
McCarthy
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Grant W
Montgomery
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John P
Rice
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Elizabeth A
Streeten
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Unnur
Thorsteinsdottir
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Cornelia M
van Duijn
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Behrooz Z
Alizadeh
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Sven
Bergmann
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Eric
Boerwinkle
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Heather A
Boyd
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Laura
Crisponi
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Paolo
Gasparini
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Christian
Gieger
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Tamara B
Harris
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Erik
Ingelsson
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Marjo-Riitta
Järvelin
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Peter
Kraft
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Debbie
Lawlor
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Andres
Metspalu
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Craig E
Pennell
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Paul M
Ridker
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Harold
Snieder
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Thorkild Ia
Sørensen
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Tim D
Spector
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David P
Strachan
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André G
Uitterlinden
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Nicholas J
Wareham
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Elisabeth
Widen
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Marek
Zygmunt
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Anna
Murray
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Douglas F
Easton
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Kari
Stefansson
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Joanne M
Murabito
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Ken K
Ong
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(2014)
Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche.
Nature, 514 (7520).
pp. 92-97.
ISSN 0028-0836
DOI: 10.1038/nature13545
Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.
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