This article examines the organisation of concepts of intelligence among the Luo people in rural Kenya. In particular, it discusses what the components of these concepts are; how these components are expressed in the DhoLuo language, how they are interrelated, how they are used in judgements of other people, and how these components of Luo conceptions of intelligence are related to Western conceptions of intelligence. Peer, teacher, and adult in the community ratings of children on Luo components of intelligence are correlated with performance on conventional ability tests and with school achievement. The Luo concept of intelligence is primarily expressed in the DhoLuo vocabulary by four concepts (rieko, luoro, paro, and winjo), which appear to form two latent structures, social-emotional competence and cognitive competence. Indicators of only one of these concepts (rieko) and only one latent structure (cognitive competence) correlate with scores on conventional Western cognitive ability tests and with school achievement in English and mathematics. The article also presents a novel method for analysing data from people’s ratings of each other’s intelligence that is useful when not every one who is providing the ratings knows everyone who is to be rated, and when Likert rating scales are inapplicable.