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Walter Fabricio Silva Martins, Craig Stephen Wilding, Keith Steen, Henry Mawejje, Tiago Rodrigues Antão, Martin James Donnelly
Local selection in the presence of high levels of gene flow: Evidence of heterogeneous insecticide selection pressure across Ugandan Culex quinquefasciatus populations
www.plosntds.org
www.plosntds.org
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(21)Tj
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1.1848 0 Td
(vectors)Tj
3.0558 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(rural)Tj
2.1714 0 Td
(settings)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(23)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
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(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
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(control)Tj
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(perspective,)Tj
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(control)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(approaches)Tj
4.7338 0 Td
(targeting)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(only)Tj
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(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(primary)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9991 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(interest)Tj
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(is)Tj
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-31.6627 -1.3039 Td
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(species)Tj
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(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(roles)Tj
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(transmission)Tj
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(can)Tj
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(be)Tj
-36.1018 -1.2983 Td
(co-endemic,)Tj
5.159 0 Td
(heightening)Tj
4.9832 0 Td
(the)Tj
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(risk)Tj
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(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(insecticide)Tj
4.4503 0 Td
(selective)Tj
3.5376 0 Td
(pressure)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(on)Tj
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(non-target)Tj
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(vector)Tj
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(species.)Tj
-33.1538 -1.2982 Td
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1.5193 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(African)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(continent,)Tj
4.3086 0 Td
(lymphatic)Tj
4.2066 0 Td
(filariasis)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(\(LF\))Tj
1.9616 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(predominantly)Tj
6.1851 0 Td
(transmitted)Tj
4.8643 0 Td
(by)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.1848 0 Td
[()30()6()11()10()]TJ
-34.503 -1.2983 Td
[()15()4()8()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
1.5703 0 Td
(mosquitoes)Tj
4.7962 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(rural)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(areas,)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3698 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(urban)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(coastal)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
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1.8822 0 Td
(Africa)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.6872 0 Td
[()13()4()4()1()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
2.4605 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(are)Tj
-35.9997 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(main)Tj
2.2904 0 Td
(vector)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(Uganda,)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(country)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.007 0 Td
(rates)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(malaria)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(LF)Tj
-34.6845 -1.2983 Td
(prevalence,)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
4.7111 0 Td
[()30()6()11()10()6()15()4()8()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
4.1953 0 Td
(mosquitoes)Tj
4.8018 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(incriminated)Tj
5.4198 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(primary)Tj
3.4583 0 Td
(vector)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(diseases)Tj
-32.2864 -1.2983 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7347 0 Td
(26)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
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4.3937 0 Td
(vector)Tj
2.6986 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(operations)Tj
4.4561 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(insecticide-based)Tj
7.0526 0 Td
(approaches,)Tj
4.9662 0 Td
(either)Tj
-32.5471 -1.3039 Td
(through)Tj
3.4355 0 Td
(insecticide)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(treated)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(nets)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(\(ITN\))Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0885 0 Td
(indoor)Tj
2.9423 0 Td
(residual)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(spraying)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(\(IRS\),)Tj
2.5568 0 Td
(chiefly)Tj
2.846 0 Td
(target)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.5002 0 Td
[()30()6()11()10()6()]TJ
-34.2423 -1.2982 Td
[()4()8()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(Whilst)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(there)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(state)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(vector)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(programme)Tj
4.9493 0 Td
(targeting)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
3.7927 0 Td
[()13()4()4()1()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
2.4604 0 Td
(populations)Tj
4.9493 0 Td
(across)Tj
-32.6832 -1.2983 Td
(Uganda,)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(insecticide)Tj
4.4504 0 Td
(resistance)Tj
4.1328 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(indirectly)Tj
4.0479 0 Td
(selected)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(insecticides)Tj
4.8132 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
-36.3059 -1.3039 Td
(control)Tj
3.118 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0148 0 Td
[()30()6()11()10()6()15()4()8()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(,)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(vectors)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(pest)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(23)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(27)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
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1.1111 0 Td
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1.6725 0 Td
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1.3266 0 Td
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2.0579 0 Td
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4.4731 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0147 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.5307 0 Td
[()14()12()12()6()14()4()1( )9(\n)-3()1()4(\n)22(\r)7()-4()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
6.7748 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(Uganda)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(model)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(deter-)Tj
-34.7865 -1.2983 Td
(mine)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.771 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.788 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(possible)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(infer)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(heterogeneities)Tj
6.2475 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(insecticide)Tj
4.4503 0 Td
(selection)Tj
3.7191 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(non-target)Tj
4.4617 0 Td
(species)Tj
-32.4338 -1.2982 Td
(through)Tj
3.4412 0 Td
(combined)Tj
4.2463 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(putatively)Tj
4.1385 0 Td
(selected)Tj
3.3506 0 Td
(resistant)Tj
3.5829 0 Td
(alleles)Tj
2.5966 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()-3()-3()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(-)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
5.0683 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.7291 0 Td
[()30()7()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(-)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(\))Tj
-31.5607 -1.3039 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(neutral)Tj
3.067 0 Td
(markers)Tj
3.498 0 Td
(\(microsatellites\).)Tj
6.8768 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(end,)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(microsatellite)Tj
5.6069 0 Td
(markers)Tj
3.4979 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(developed)Tj
4.2747 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.6256 -1.2983 Td
(utilized)Tj
3.1917 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(detect)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(likely)Tj
2.3527 0 Td
(influence)Tj
3.9175 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(geographic)Tj
4.6204 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(colonization)Tj
5.1873 0 Td
(events)Tj
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(on)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.2756 0 Td
[()]TJ
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(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.5307 0 Td
[()14()12()12()6()14()4()1( )9(\n)-3()1()4(\n)]TJ
-31.1922 -1.2983 Td
[(\r)7()-4()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
1.3719 0 Td
(population)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(diversity)Tj
3.6453 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(structure)Tj
3.8267 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(28)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(29)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(By)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(contrast,)Tj
3.685 0 Td
(changes)Tj
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(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
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(of)Tj
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(resistant)Tj
-33.613 -1.3039 Td
(alleles)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()-3()-3()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(-)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
5.0683 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.7291 0 Td
[()30()7()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(-)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(\))Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(proxy)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(strength)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(insecticidal)Tj
4.7055 0 Td
(selection)Tj
-32.7059 -1.2982 Td
(across)Tj
2.6758 0 Td
(Uganda.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 265.2094 cm
BT
/F3 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Materials)Tj
4.5071 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.989 0 Td
(methods)Tj
/F0 1 Tf
-6.4961 -1.5023 Td
(Ethics)Tj
2.9149 0 Td
(statement)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
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10 0 0 10 200.0125 230.1732 cm
BT
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1 TL
-0.004 Tc
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(Ethical)Tj
2.9876 0 Td
(approval)Tj
3.6964 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
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(University)Tj
4.405 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(Medicine)Tj
3.9911 0 Td
(Research)Tj
3.8097 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.977 -1.2982 Td
(Ethics)Tj
2.6645 0 Td
(Committee.)Tj
4.9663 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(setting)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
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1.3833 0 Td
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3.5546 0 Td
(purposes)Tj
3.8098 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5704 0 Td
(linked)Tj
-34.6108 -1.2983 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(malaria)Tj
3.2259 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(program.)Tj
3.9288 0 Td
(Adult)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(household)Tj
4.3767 0 Td
(representatives)Tj
6.1965 0 Td
(gave)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(written)Tj
3.1124 0 Td
(informed)Tj
3.9741 0 Td
(consent)Tj
-34.1175 -1.2982 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(Ethics)Tj
2.6702 0 Td
(Statement)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(before)Tj
2.7382 0 Td
(entry)Tj
2.3188 0 Td
(into)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(houses)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(mosquito)Tj
4.0138 0 Td
(aspiration.)Tj
4.4504 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(study)Tj
-34.1459 -1.304 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(solely)Tj
2.4604 0 Td
(mosquito)Tj
4.0139 0 Td
(samples,)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3698 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(human)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(participants)Tj
4.9549 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(involved.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 151.9937 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Area)Tj
2.3102 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0441 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.5843 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8661 0 Td
(mosquito)Tj
4.2331 0 Td
(collection)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 134.9858 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.5306 0 Td
[()14()12()12()6()14()4()1( )9(\n)-3()1()4(\n)22(\r)7()-4()]TJ
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6.7748 0 Td
(mosquitoes)Tj
4.8019 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(collected)Tj
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