BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Neutrophilic inflammation has been implicated in non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) in adults, but little is known about NEA in children/adolescents. We assessed clinical and inflammatory characteristics of NEA in adolescent asthma. METHODS: Airway inflammation, sputum endotoxin, airway hyper-reactivity, atopy and lung function were assessed in 77 adolescents with asthma and 68 without asthma (12-17 years). Asthma was identified on the basis of wheeze and asthma history. RESULTS: The proportion of NEA (sputum eosinophils <2.5%) was 54%. In this group, atopy, sputum neutrophil, eosinophil, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), endotoxin, neutrophil elastase and IL-8 levels were not different from those without asthma. In contrast, eosinophilic asthma (EA) was associated with atopy and sputum ECP and IL-8. The majority of NEA had no evidence of inflammation; only 14% had neutrophilia (≥61% neutrophils), compared with 11% of EA, and 15% of those without asthma. Small differences in FEV1 (NS) were found between EA and NEA, but symptom prevalence and severity was not different (63% of EA and 52% of NEA were classified moderate to severe). CONCLUSION: NEA is common in adolescent asthma and has similar clinical characteristics as EA. Neutrophils do not appear to play a role in NEA in adolescents, and underlying mechanisms may not involve airway inflammation.