Anophthalmos, microphthalmos, and Coloboma in the United kingdom: clinical features, results of investigations, and early management.
Shah, Shaheen P;
Taylor, Amy E;
Sowden, Jane C;
Ragge, Nicky;
Russell-Eggitt, Isabelle;
Rahi, Jugnoo S;
Gilbert, Clare E;
Surveillance of Eye Anomalies Special Interest Group;
(2011)
Anophthalmos, microphthalmos, and Coloboma in the United kingdom: clinical features, results of investigations, and early management.
Ophthalmology, 119 (2).
pp. 362-368.
ISSN 0161-6420
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.039
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PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features of children with anophthalmos, microphthalmos, and typical coloboma (AMC). DESIGN: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study of the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 135 children with AMC newly diagnosed over an 18-month period beginning in October 2006. METHODS: Cases were identified using active surveillance through an established ophthalmic surveillance system. Eligible cases were followed up 6 months after first notification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Phenotypic characteristics, both ocular and systemic, clinical investigations, causes, and interventions. RESULTS: A total of 210 eyes (of 135 children) were affected by AMC, of which 153 had isolated coloboma or coloboma with microphthalmos. The most common colobomatous anomaly was a chorioretinal defect present in 109 eyes (71.2%). Some 44% of children were bilaterally visually impaired. Systemic abnormalities were present in 59.7% of children, with craniofacial anomalies being the most common. Children with bilateral disease had a 2.7 times higher odds (95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.5, P = 0.006) of having systemic involvement than unilaterally affected children. Neurologic imaging was the most frequent investigation (58.5%) performed. Less than one third (30.3%) of the children with microphthalmos had ocular axial lengths measured. Eight children had confirmed genetic mutations. Approximately half (49.2%) of the children required ocular intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Colobomatous defects were the most common phenotype within this spectrum of anomalies in the United Kingdom. The high frequency of posterior segment colobomatous involvement means that a dilated fundal examination should be made in all cases. The significant visual and systemic morbidity in affected children underlines the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to management.