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Conall H. Watson, Stephen Baker, Colleen L. Lau, Kitione Rawalai, Mere Taufa, Jerimaia Coriakula, Nga Tran Vu Thieu, Tan Trinh Van, Dung Tran Thi Ngoc, Niel Hens, John H. Lowry, Ruklanthi de Alwis, Jorge Cano, Kylie Jenkins, E. Kim Mulholland, Eric J. Nilles, Mike Kama, W. John Edmunds
A cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey of typhoid fever in Fiji
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(100,000)Tj
3.2995 0 Td
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1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
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2.2677 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(19)Tj
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1.5307 0 Td
(100,000)Tj
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3.2032 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.9014 0 Td
(proportionate)Tj
5.7883 0 Td
(increase)Tj
3.4753 0 Td
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-36.0281 -1.3039 Td
(clinically)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
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([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-17.3082 -1.2982 Td
(Notably,)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0 Tc
3.634 0 Td
(>)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(90%)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(blood-culture)Tj
5.6806 0 Td
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4.3994 0 Td
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3.6623 0 Td
(amongst)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(indigenous)Tj
4.6658 0 Td
(Fijians)Tj
-34.2706 -1.2983 Td
(\(iTaukei,)Tj
3.8097 0 Td
(approximately)Tj
5.9754 0 Td
(57%)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
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5.1534 0 Td
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1.9956 0 Td
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1.6157 0 Td
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2.2224 0 Td
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3.6623 0 Td
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(of)Tj
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-33.783 -1.2983 Td
(descent)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(\(Indo-Fijians,)Tj
5.7202 0 Td
(38%)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
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(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
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4.9323 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
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2.88 0 Td
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2.5171 0 Td
(or)Tj
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4.1215 0 Td
(descent[)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-31.0164 -1.3039 Td
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1.7801 0 Td
(causes)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
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1.6781 0 Td
(disparity)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(are)Tj
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(unknown)Tj
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([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(];)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(health)Tj
2.6815 0 Td
(seeking)Tj
3.2032 0 Td
(behaviours)Tj
4.6034 0 Td
(would)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
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1.1509 0 Td
(expected)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.6177 -1.2982 Td
(lead)Tj
1.8481 0 Td
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1.0262 0 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8062 0 Td
(relative)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(ascertainment)Tj
5.8734 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
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5.1533 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(iTaukei)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-24.9617 -1.2983 Td
(Historically)Tj
4.8642 0 Td
(subsistent)Tj
4.1782 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(agriculture)Tj
4.5751 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(fishing,)Tj
3.1692 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(half)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(population)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(now)Tj
-35.3024 -1.3039 Td
(reside)Tj
2.5908 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(urban)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(areas,)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(including)Tj
4.0422 0 Td
(informal)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(settlements)Tj
4.7169 0 Td
(close)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
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1.0261 0 Td
(riverbanks)Tj
4.4561 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(flood-)Tj
-32.91 -1.2983 Td
(prone)Tj
2.5851 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
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1.9955 0 Td
(limited)Tj
3.0728 0 Td
(access)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
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1.0205 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(sanitation)Tj
4.1839 0 Td
(infrastructure)Tj
5.7316 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-0.02 Tc
-26.447 -1.2983 Td
(Typhoid)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(vaccine)Tj
3.084 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8164 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.525 0 Td
(routinely)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(used)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(Fiji;)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(however,)Tj
3.7076 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(2010,)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(following)Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(cyclone)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(Tomas,)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6406 0 Td
(Vi-)Tj
-36.2208 -1.3039 Td
(polysaccharide)Tj
5.913 0 Td
(\(Vi-PS\))Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(vaccination)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(campaign)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6497 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
4.286 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(highest)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(incidence)Tj
3.9288 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.1656 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.1323 -1.2982 Td
(Fiji.)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(These)Tj
2.4832 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(predominantly)Tj
5.9754 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(Northern)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
(Division,)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(high)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(coverage)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2416 0 Td
(Taveuni)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(island)Tj
-34.3046 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(Cakaudrove)Tj
4.9039 0 Td
(subdivision)Tj
4.6374 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2416 0 Td
(Vanua)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(Levu,)Tj
2.3074 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(targeted)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(geographical)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(vaccination)Tj
4.6545 0 Td
(within)Tj
-35.0076 -1.3039 Td
(subdivisions)Tj
4.9832 0 Td
(elsewhere)Tj
3.9628 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(reaching)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(64,000)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(people,)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(8%)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9808 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(national)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(population.)Tj
4.6375 0 Td
(Observed)Tj
3.9061 0 Td
(dis-)Tj
-35.7276 -1.2983 Td
(ease)Tj
1.7971 0 Td
(incidence)Tj
3.9288 0 Td
(rates)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(declined)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(targeted)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.1657 0 Td
(against)Tj
2.9196 0 Td
(increasing)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0659 0 Td
(stable)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(rates)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(areas)Tj
-35.0019 -1.2982 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(Given)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(ongoing)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(typhoid)Tj
3.2088 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.1703 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(short)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(duration)Tj
3.5717 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9864 0 Td
(Vi-PS)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(protection,[)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(15)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
5.9981 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.1131 -1.2983 Td
(2012)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(expert)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(meeting)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6497 0 Td
(convened)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(Ministry)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9865 0 Td
(Health,)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9333 0 Td
(Australian)Tj
4.2349 0 Td
(Aid)Tj
1.6497 0 Td
(support,)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(to)Tj
-35.0076 -1.3039 Td
(develop,)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(prioritise)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(implement)Tj
4.4391 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6406 0 Td
(comprehensive)Tj
6.0831 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(prevention)Tj
4.422 0 Td
(strategy)Tj
3.5716 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-33.029 -1.2983 Td
(Knowledge)Tj
4.575 0 Td
(gap)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(analysis)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(identified)Tj
3.9004 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7122 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6406 0 Td
(serological)Tj
4.2973 0 Td
(survey)Tj
2.7155 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.3698 0 Td
(inform)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(vaccination)Tj
4.6545 0 Td
(policy)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-0.014 Tc
-33.9191 -1.2983 Td
(Seroepidemiological)Tj
8.1524 0 Td
(surveys)Tj
3.101 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.5988 0 Td
(help)Tj
1.8935 0 Td
(determine)Tj
4.2349 0 Td
(population)Tj
4.4901 0 Td
(immunity,)Tj
4.3596 0 Td
(pathogen)Tj
3.8608 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
-32.8873 -1.3039 Td
(and)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(susceptibility,)Tj
5.5162 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(disease-)Tj
3.2881 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(exposure-related)Tj
6.7294 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(factors)Tj
2.829 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(Conducted)Tj
4.5751 0 Td
(alongside)Tj
-33.8171 -1.2982 Td
(clinical)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(and/or)Tj
2.88 0 Td
(laboratory)Tj
4.2519 0 Td
(surveillance,)Tj
5.04 0 Td
(seroepidemiology)Tj
7.1489 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.5988 0 Td
(help)Tj
1.8935 0 Td
(quantify)Tj
3.4639 0 Td
(surveillance)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(under-)Tj
-34.1005 -1.2983 Td
(or)Tj
1.0771 0 Td
(over-ascertainment,)Tj
8.0163 0 Td
(including)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.355 0 Td
(enteric)Tj
2.9083 0 Td
(diseases)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(17)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(20)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(Typhoid)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.2441 0 Td
(dynamics)Tj
-32.876 -1.3039 Td
(are)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(influenced)Tj
4.3426 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(setting-specific)Tj
6.0434 0 Td
(immunity)Tj
4.1443 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(carriage)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(21)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(23)Tj
0 g
(];)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(however,)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(seroepidemiolo-)Tj
-30.801 -1.2983 Td
(gical)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(methods)Tj
3.6113 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(attain)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(underexploited)Tj
6.1569 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(17)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9502 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(part)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(due)Tj
1.6668 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(concerns)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(about)Tj
-35.087 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4399 0 Td
(sensitivity)Tj
4.1103 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(specificity)Tj
4.0989 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(serology)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.355 0 Td
(typhoid,)Tj
3.4639 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(historically)Tj
4.5071 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(demonstrated)Tj
-30.8067 -1.2982 Td
(sufficient)Tj
3.8097 0 Td
(discriminatory)Tj
5.9981 0 Td
(power)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3549 0 Td
(individual-level)Tj
6.2759 0 Td
(clinical)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(diagnosis)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.024 0 Td
(\(though)Tj
3.3448 0 Td
(recent)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(meth-)Tj
-34.9963 -1.3039 Td
(ods)Tj
1.5817 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(offer)Tj
2.0522 0 Td
(promise)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
0 g
(]\))Tj
2.143 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(concerns)Tj
3.7473 0 Td
(about)Tj
2.4435 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(specificity)Tj
4.0989 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9977 0 Td
(assays)Tj
2.5626 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3606 0 Td
(carriage)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(detec-)Tj
-34.8375 -1.2983 Td
(tion)Tj
1.7971 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(26)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(28)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(existence)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(multiple)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(immunological)Tj
6.1682 0 Td
(pathways)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(immunity)Tj
4.1443 0 Td
(against)Tj
-31.6061 -1.2983 Td
(typhoid)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(fever)Tj
2.1317 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(Serosurveys)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(utilising)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(assays)Tj
2.5682 0 Td
(based)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2585 0 Td
(purified,)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(pharmaceutical-grade)Tj
8.742 0 Td
(Vi)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(poly-)Tj
-35.3194 -1.3039 Td
(saccharide,)Tj
4.5297 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(virulence)Tj
4.5807 0 Td
(factor)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(expressed)Tj
4.0082 0 Td
(by)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.1622 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(.)Tj
0.8787 0 Td
(Typhi)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(27)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3549 0 Td
(detection)Tj
3.8495 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(anti-Vi)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(IgG)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(anti-)Tj
-34.5711 -1.2982 Td
(body)Tj
2.1769 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(offer)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6407 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(reliable)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(approach)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(avoiding)Tj
3.6113 0 Td
(cross-reactivity)Tj
6.1285 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(arises)Tj
2.381 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(Vi)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(antigen)Tj
-34.5427 -1.2983 Td
(preparations)Tj
5.1476 0 Td
(contain)Tj
3.1805 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.296 0 Td
(bacterial)Tj
3.5377 0 Td
(antigens)Tj
3.4865 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(30)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.1692 0 Td
(Furthermore,)Tj
5.4991 0 Td
(high)Tj
1.9673 0 Td
(anti-Vi)Tj
3.0103 0 Td
(titres)Tj
2.177 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(indi-)Tj
-35.3704 -1.3039 Td
(cate)Tj
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2000 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. U.S. Patent Des. 337,604.Minion is either a registered trademark or a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.Minion Pro RegularMinion Pro% i WZ5:`v22> % I
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