The Roll Back Malaria campaign vowed to halve the global burden of malaria in ten years but, midway into that campaign, few new malaria control tools have been introduced, and many established methods appear to be failing with effective chemotherapy being perhaps the most problematic. It has been repeatedly argued that the discovery and implementation of a safe and effective vaccine against malaria is a major priority in the control of the disease. Indeed, many malaria control experts believe that sustainable reductions in malaria control will be nigh on impossible in the absence of such a vaccine. While most would agree that we are still some way from being able to introduce a vaccine, steady progress is being made. We review here some new approaches and developments in vaccine research that were discussed at the Molecular Approaches to Malaria conference held 1-5 February 2004 in Lorne, Australia.